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"Satellite Of India"
Indian satellite systems fall into
two categories; Remote-Sensing & Communications. The main programs being;
-
Apple
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Aryabhata
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Bhaskara
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INSAT-1 series
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INSAT-2
series
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IRS-Series
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Rohini
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Sross
INSAT -
Indian National Satellite System - The INSAT 1 series
The INSAT system uniquely provides
geostationary platforms for simultaneous domestic communications and earth
observation functions. The first four generation INSAT series, (INSAT-1A, -1B,
-1C and -1D) were all US-built and launched by either US or European space
launch vehicles. The INSAT-class satellites are a joint venture of India's
Department of Space (DOS), Department of Telecommunications (DET), India
Meteorological Deptartment (IMD), All India Radio and Doordarshan. Overall
co-ordination & management rests with the inter-ministerial INSAT
Coordination Committee (ISS). DOS has direct responsibility for establishing and
operating the space segment.
The satellites are handled from the
INSAT Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka. They can also be
controlled through two Satellite Control Earth Stations (one with a 14 metre
fully steerable antenna and the other with a 7.5 metre limited steerability
dish), one additional 14 metre fully steerable antenna and an INSAT-1 Satellite
Control Centre (SCC) with Telemetry Tracking & Control (TTC) equipment,
on-orbit checkout equipment, computer facilities and auxiliary power services.
The INSAT MCF was upgraded with addition of the INSAT-2 SCC and two associated
11 metre Satellite Control Earth Stations.
INSAT-1A:
The INSAT-1A system was envisaged with a space segment comprising two
multi-purpose satellites, each providing two high power TV broadcast and twelve
telecommunications national coverage transponders, in addition to also providing
meteorological services. The INSAT-1A was launched by US Delta in April 1982 but
was abandoned in September 1983
INSAT-1B: Launched on 30
August 1983 from Canaveral, it almost suffered the same fate as the INSAT-1A.
Video recordings suggested that it might have been struck by Orbiter debris
during release, though this could not be confirmed. It was not until
mid-September that Ford and Indian controllers at Hassan's MCF succeeded in
deploying its solar array. By then it had been stationed at 74°E in place of
INSAT-1A. Full operational capability was achieved in October 1983. It continued
to operate into 1990 with all its 4375 two-way voice or equivalent circuits in
use. Around 36,000 earth images were returned.
Eleven of its 12 C-band transponder
and its two S-band transponders provided direct nationwide TV &
communications to thousands of remote villages, plus a detailed weather and
disaster-warning service. Around 35,000 Indian built 3 to 3.6 metre diameter,
earth receive only terminals were in place to supply rural communities with
social and educational programs. It was relegated to spare status on 17 July
1990 by the INSAT-1D. The INSAT-1B was finally removed from GEO in August 1993,
after being replaced at 93.5°E by INSAT-2B. Total cost of INSAT-1B and its
backup INSAT-1C, including the PAM-D launch was estimated at $140
million.
INSAT-1C:
The INSAT-1C
satellite was launched on 21 July 1988 from Kourou for location at 93.5°E to
bring the INSAT system up to full capacity. Half of the 12 C-band transponders
and its two S-band transponders were lost when a power system failure knocked
out one of the two buses, but the meteorological earth images and its data
collection systems were both fully operational. Earth lock was lost 22 November
1989 and the satellite was abandoned. Reported insurance payout was $70
million.
INSAT-1D: The specification
for the INSAT-1D is the same as the INSAT-1B but with expanded battery and
propellant capacities. Launched on 12 June 1990, from Canaveral, to conclude the
first generation INSAT series. Launch was planned for 29 June 1989 but 10 days
before it was seriously damaged following installation on the Delta when a 34kg
crane hook fell 10m directly on to it. The fully insured satellite was repaired
by Ford Aerospace at a reported cost of $10 million. It also suffered $150,000
of damage during the October 1989 Californian Earthquake. It assumed prime role
from INSAT-1B on 17 July 1990. Design life is seven years.
INSAT-1D's
Transponders
•
Twelve 4.5W TWTA 5935-6425/3710-4200MHz up/down, C-band
all-India beam, 36MHz bandwidth, 32dBW EOL EIRP over primary coverage area
linear polarisation.
•
Two (plus one backup) 50W TWTA 5855-5935/2555-2635MHz
up/down, S-band all-India beam, 42dBW EOL EIRP over primary coverage area linear
polarisation.
Principle
Applications
Domestic communications on C-band,
one S-band channel dedicated to direct TV broadcast and other to five low-level
carriers for services such as radio program distribution, disaster warning, etc.
They relay 402.75MHz transmissions from 100 hydrological, meteorological and
oceanographic data collection platforms.
"Venus"
| Meaning |
Goddess of Love |
| Position |
2 |
| Discoverer |
- |
| Discovered |
- |
| Length of Day ( hrs
) |
2802 |
| Distance from Sun (
10^6Km ) |
108.2 |
| Volume (10^10 km3)
|
92.843 |
| Equatorial Radius |
6051.8 |
| Volumetric Mean
Radius |
6051.8 |
| Ellipticity |
0 |
| Mean Density |
5243 |
| Surface Gravity |
8.87 |
| Surface
Acceleration |
8.87 |
| Escape Velocity |
8.87 |
| Orbit Period |
224.695 |
| Orbit Eccentricity |
0.0067 |
| Average
Temperature |
737K/464C |
| Surface Pressure |
92 |
| Average
Temperature |
737K/464C |
| Atmosphere |
96.5% Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 3.5%
Nitrogen (N2) |
| Moon Count |
0 |
| Moons |
|
"Uranus"
| Meaning |
Father of Saturn |
| Position |
7 |
| Discoverer |
Sir William Herschel |
| Discovered |
1781 |
| Length of Day ( hrs
) |
17.24 |
| Distance from Sun (
10^6Km ) |
2872.5 |
| Volume (10^10 km3)
|
6833 |
| Equatorial Radius |
25559 |
| Volumetric Mean
Radius |
25362 |
| Ellipticity |
0.02293 |
| Mean Density |
1270 |
| Surface Gravity |
8.87 |
| Surface
Acceleration |
8.69 |
| Escape Velocity |
21.3 |
| Orbit Period |
30588.740 |
| Orbit Eccentricity |
0.0457 |
| Average
Temperature |
-76K/-197C |
| Surface Pressure |
>1000bars |
| Average
Temperature |
-76K/-197C |
| Atmosphere |
Molecular hydrogen (H2) - 82.5% (3.3%);
Helium (He) - 15.2% (3.3%), Methane (CH4) - ~2.3% |
| Moon Count |
15 |
| Moons |
Ariel
Belinda
Bianca
Caliban
Cordelia
Cressida
Desdemona
Juliet
Miranda
Oberon
Ophelia
Portia
Prospero
Puck
Rosalind
S2001/U2
S2001/U3
S2003/U1
S2003/U2
S2003/U3
Setebos
Stephano
Sycorax
Titania
Trinculo
Umbriel
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"Saturn"
| Meaning |
God of Time |
| Position |
6 |
| Discoverer |
- |
| Discovered |
- |
| Length of Day ( hrs
) |
10.656 |
| Distance from Sun (
10^6Km ) |
1433.5 |
| Volume (10^10 km3)
|
82713 |
| Equatorial Radius |
60268 |
| Volumetric Mean
Radius |
58232 |
| Ellipticity |
0.09796 |
| Mean Density |
687 |
| Surface Gravity |
10.44 |
| Surface
Acceleration |
8.96 |
| Escape Velocity |
35.5 |
| Orbit Period |
1074694 |
| Orbit Eccentricity |
0.0565 |
| Average
Temperature |
-134K/-139C |
| Surface Pressure |
>1000bars |
| Average
Temperature |
-134K/-139C |
| Atmosphere |
Molecular hydrogen (H2) - 96.3% (2.4%);
Helium (He) - 3.25% (2.4%) |
| Moon Count |
18 |
| Moons |
Albiorix
Atlas
Calypso
Dione
Enceladus
Epimetheus
Erriapo
Helene
Hyperion
Iapetus
Ijiraq
Janus
Kiviuq
Mimas
Mundilfari
Paaliaq
Pan
Pandora
Phoebe
Rhea
S/2003
S1
Siarnaq
Skadi
Suttung
Tarvos
Telesto
Tethys
Thrym
Titan
Ymir
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